feat: westworldwithwoman. add elsa

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/cmd/westworldwithwoman/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// Command westworldwithwoman runs the extended demo from the book:
+// Miner Bob and his wife Elsa both tick forward together, so you can
+// watch their two state machines run side by side, same as the
+// book's sample console output.
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"git.jjstudio.me/jonas/Programming-Game-AI-by-Example-Go/chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	bob := westworldwithwoman.NewMiner(1)
+	elsa := westworldwithwoman.NewElsa(2)
+
+	const numUpdateSteps = 30
+	for range numUpdateSteps {
+		bob.Update()
+		elsa.Update()
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println()
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/elsa.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+// Elsa is the miner's wife, introduced in this section of the book.
+// She's built the exact same way Miner is: embed *BaseGameEntity for
+// her ID, own a *StateMachine[Elsa] and delegate all state
+// bookkeeping to it. This is the payoff of making State[T] and
+// StateMachine[T] generic earlier - Elsa reuses both unchanged,
+// just with the blank slot filled in as Elsa instead of Miner.
+type Elsa struct {
+	*BaseGameEntity
+
+	stateMachine *StateMachine[Elsa]
+}
+
+// NewElsa sets up Elsa's state machine: DoHousework is her ordinary,
+// everyday state, and WifesGlobalState is what checks - every single
+// tick, no matter what she's currently doing - whether nature is
+// calling. That's exactly why it has to be a global state rather
+// than logic inside DoHousework: the book says "Elsa may feel the
+// call of nature during any state and at any time," and a global
+// state's Execute runs regardless of the current state.
+func NewElsa(id int) *Elsa {
+	e := &Elsa{
+		BaseGameEntity: NewBaseGameEntity(id),
+	}
+
+	e.stateMachine = NewStateMachine(e)
+	e.stateMachine.SetCurrentState(DoHousework())
+	e.stateMachine.SetGlobalState(WifesGlobalState())
+
+	return e
+}
+
+// FSM returns Elsa's state machine.
+func (e *Elsa) FSM() *StateMachine[Elsa] {
+	return e.stateMachine
+}
+
+// Update satisfies the Entity interface (alongside the ID() method
+// borrowed from BaseGameEntity) and just delegates to the state
+// machine, same shape as Miner.Update.
+func (e *Elsa) Update() {
+	e.stateMachine.Update()
+}
+
+// ChangeState forwards to the state machine, same as Miner.ChangeState.
+func (e *Elsa) ChangeState(newState State[Elsa]) {
+	e.stateMachine.ChangeState(newState)
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/entity.go

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+// Entity is what every game object in the world must be able to do.
+// The C++ code used a pure virtual function (Update()=0) to force
+// every subclass to write its own Update. Go has no subclasses, so
+// instead we say: "anything with an Update() and an ID() method
+// counts as an Entity." A type only satisfies this interface once
+// it has its own Update method - just like the C++ version couldn't
+// be used until Update was implemented.
+type Entity interface {
+	Update()
+	ID() int
+}
+
+// nextValidID plays the role of the C++ "static int m_iNextValidID".
+// In C++, "static" on a class member means "one shared copy for the
+// whole class, not one per object." Go doesn't have that keyword for
+// structs, so we just use a normal package-level variable - it's
+// shared by every BaseGameEntity for the same reason: there's only
+// one of it.
+var nextValidID int
+
+// BaseGameEntity is the Go version of the C++ class BaseGameEntity.
+// Go doesn't have "classes" or "inheritance" - instead, other types
+// (like a Miner or a Wife later in the book) will embed this struct
+// inside themselves to borrow its fields and methods, and then add
+// their own Update method on top.
+type BaseGameEntity struct {
+	id int // was "m_ID" - the entity's own unique number
+}
+
+// NewBaseGameEntity replaces the C++ constructor:
+//
+//	BaseGameEntity(int id) { SetID(id); }
+//
+// Go structs don't run any code automatically when you create them,
+// so we write a plain function that builds one correctly. Any code
+// that wants a BaseGameEntity should call this instead of building
+// the struct by hand.
+func NewBaseGameEntity(id int) *BaseGameEntity {
+	e := &BaseGameEntity{}
+	e.setID(id)
+	return e
+}
+
+// setID is the Go version of the private C++ method SetID. It does
+// exactly what the comment in the book says: check the requested ID
+// isn't lower than the next free one, store it, then move the
+// "next free ID" counter past it.
+//
+// The C++ code used assert() for the check, which only runs in
+// debug builds and does nothing in a release build. Go has no
+// assert, so we use panic - it always runs, and it stops the
+// program immediately if this ever happens, which is exactly what
+// a broken invariant like this deserves.
+func (e *BaseGameEntity) setID(val int) {
+	if val < nextValidID {
+		panic("BaseGameEntity.setID: invalid ID")
+	}
+	e.id = val
+	nextValidID = e.id + 1
+}
+
+// ID returns the entity's unique number. This is the Go version of
+// the C++ "int ID() const { return m_ID; }" - a small read-only
+// accessor for the private field.
+func (e *BaseGameEntity) ID() int {
+	return e.id
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/miner.go

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+// State is the Go version of the C++ class template:
+//
+//	template <class entity_type>
+//	class State
+//	{
+//	public:
+//	    virtual void Enter(entity_type*)=0;
+//	    virtual void Execute(entity_type*)=0;
+//	    virtual void Exit(entity_type*)=0;
+//	    virtual ~State(){}
+//	};
+//
+// The book turned State into a template so it isn't stuck being a
+// checklist for Miner only - any entity type can use it. Go's
+// version of a template is a generic type: the "[T any]" part is a
+// blank slot (called a type parameter) that gets filled in with a
+// real type wherever State is used. T stands in for the book's
+// entity_type. "any" just means "T can be filled in with literally
+// any type" - no restrictions.
+//
+// C++ used "=0" (pure virtual) to say "every real state MUST provide
+// these three methods, this class itself is just a checklist." Go's
+// interface type does exactly that job: nothing implements State
+// automatically - a type only counts as a State[T] once it has all
+// three methods with these exact signatures for that particular T.
+//
+// There's no Go equivalent needed for "virtual ~State(){}" (the
+// destructor) - Go has a garbage collector that cleans up memory on
+// its own, so there's nothing to write by hand for that.
+type State[T any] interface {
+	// Enter runs once, the moment an entity switches into this state.
+	Enter(entity *T)
+
+	// Execute runs every single update step while the entity is in
+	// this state - this is where the actual behavior/logic lives.
+	Execute(entity *T)
+
+	// Exit runs once, the moment the entity leaves this state.
+	Exit(entity *T)
+}
+
+// locationType is a temporary stand-in for the C++ enum
+// "location_type" (things like shack, goldmine, bank, saloon). The
+// book hasn't shown us that enum yet, so this is a plain number type
+// for now until you paste the real definition.
+type locationType int
+
+// shack, goldmine, bank and saloon are the four locations the miner
+// visits, matching the four states described in the book (we still
+// haven't seen the book's actual enum definition, so these are our
+// own stand-in values - their exact numbers don't matter, we only
+// ever compare locations for equality).
+const (
+	shack locationType = iota
+	goldmine
+	bank
+	saloon
+)
+
+// Miner is the Go version of:
+//
+//	class Miner : public BaseGameEntity
+//
+// In C++, "Miner : public BaseGameEntity" means a Miner IS a
+// BaseGameEntity - it inherits all of its fields and methods for
+// free. Go has no inheritance. Instead we EMBED a *BaseGameEntity
+// inside Miner: we stick the smaller struct inside the bigger one,
+// and Go automatically lets Miner "borrow" BaseGameEntity's methods
+// as if they were its own. That's why Miner gets an ID() method
+// without us writing one ourselves - it's borrowed.
+type Miner struct {
+	*BaseGameEntity
+
+	// stateMachine is the Go version of
+	// "StateMachine<Miner>* m_pStateMachine". All the bookkeeping
+	// that used to live directly on Miner (currentState, and the
+	// exit/enter dance in ChangeState) now belongs to this instead -
+	// Miner just delegates to it.
+	stateMachine *StateMachine[Miner]
+
+	// location is where the miner currently is.
+	location locationType
+
+	// goldCarried: how many gold nuggets the miner has in his pockets.
+	goldCarried int
+
+	// moneyInBank: how much money the miner has deposited at the bank.
+	moneyInBank int
+
+	// thirst: the higher this number, the thirstier the miner is.
+	thirst int
+
+	// fatigue: the higher this number, the more tired the miner is.
+	fatigue int
+}
+
+// NewMiner is the Go stand-in for the C++ constructor "Miner(int id)".
+// C++'s member initializer list (the "m_Location(shack), ..." part
+// before the constructor's { }) is just how C++ sets a struct's
+// starting field values before the body runs - in Go we set the same
+// starting values with an ordinary struct literal instead.
+func NewMiner(id int) *Miner {
+	m := &Miner{
+		BaseGameEntity: NewBaseGameEntity(id),
+		location:       shack,
+		goldCarried:    0,
+		moneyInBank:    0,
+		thirst:         0,
+		fatigue:        0,
+	}
+
+	// set up state machine
+	m.stateMachine = NewStateMachine(m)
+	m.stateMachine.SetCurrentState(GoHomeAndSleepTilRested())
+	m.stateMachine.SetGlobalState(MinerGlobalState())
+
+	return m
+}
+
+// FSM returns the miner's state machine. This is the Go version of
+// "GetFSM()const" - Go convention drops the "Get" prefix that
+// C++/Java getters use, so it's just FSM().
+func (m *Miner) FSM() *StateMachine[Miner] {
+	return m.stateMachine
+}
+
+// Location returns where the miner currently is. This is the getter
+// the book's Enter/Execute/Exit methods call to check on a miner
+// before deciding what to do.
+func (m *Miner) Location() locationType {
+	return m.location
+}
+
+// ChangeLocation moves the miner to a new location. This is the
+// setter half of the pair - states call this to actually send a
+// miner somewhere.
+func (m *Miner) ChangeLocation(loc locationType) {
+	m.location = loc
+}
+
+// AddToGoldCarried adds amount to how much gold the miner is
+// currently carrying in his pockets (separate from what's already
+// safely deposited at the bank).
+func (m *Miner) AddToGoldCarried(amount int) {
+	m.goldCarried += amount
+}
+
+// IncreaseFatigue bumps the miner's tiredness up by one notch.
+func (m *Miner) IncreaseFatigue() {
+	m.fatigue++
+}
+
+// maxNuggets is a placeholder for a constant the book hasn't shown
+// us the exact value of yet (something like "const int MaxNuggets").
+// It's how many gold nuggets a miner's pockets can hold before his
+// pockets count as "full." Replace this once you paste the real
+// value from the book.
+const maxNuggets = 3
+
+// PocketsFull reports whether the miner is carrying as much gold as
+// his pockets can hold.
+func (m *Miner) PocketsFull() bool {
+	return m.goldCarried >= maxNuggets
+}
+
+// thirstThreshold is a placeholder for a constant the book hasn't
+// shown us the exact value of yet (it's called something like
+// "ComfortLevel" there). It's the point past which the miner's
+// thirst counts as "too thirsty." Replace this once you paste the
+// real value from the book.
+const thirstThreshold = 5
+
+// Thirsty reports whether the miner's thirst has crossed the
+// threshold where he needs a drink.
+func (m *Miner) Thirsty() bool {
+	return m.thirst > thirstThreshold
+}
+
+// BuyAndDrinkAWhiskey simulates buying and drinking a whiskey:
+// thirst drops straight back to zero. We're inventing this method
+// ourselves (the book hasn't shown the QuenchThirst state's real
+// Execute body to us), based purely on the chapter's written
+// description: "he visits the saloon in order to buy a whiskey. When
+// his thirst is quenched, ...". Named differently from the
+// QuenchThirst state itself (below) to avoid confusing the two.
+func (m *Miner) BuyAndDrinkAWhiskey() {
+	m.thirst = 0
+}
+
+// TransferGoldToBank moves everything the miner is carrying into his
+// bank balance, and empties his pockets back out.
+func (m *Miner) TransferGoldToBank() {
+	m.moneyInBank += m.goldCarried
+	m.goldCarried = 0
+}
+
+// comfortableWealth is our own placeholder for how much money in the
+// bank counts as "wealthy enough" to head home and rest, per the
+// book's description of VisitBankAndDepositGold. The book hasn't
+// given us a real number for this, so this is a guess - swap it out
+// if you find the book's actual value.
+const comfortableWealth = 6
+
+// RichEnough reports whether the miner has banked enough money to
+// feel comfortable stopping work for a while.
+func (m *Miner) RichEnough() bool {
+	return m.moneyInBank >= comfortableWealth
+}
+
+// DecreaseFatigue lowers the miner's tiredness by one notch, without
+// letting it go below zero.
+func (m *Miner) DecreaseFatigue() {
+	if m.fatigue > 0 {
+		m.fatigue--
+	}
+}
+
+// fatigueThreshold is our own placeholder for the "acceptable level"
+// of fatigue mentioned in GoHomeAndSleepTilRested's description. The
+// book hasn't given us a real number for this either - another
+// guess, swap it out once you know the real one.
+const fatigueThreshold = 5
+
+// Fatigued reports whether the miner is still too tired to go back
+// to work.
+func (m *Miner) Fatigued() bool {
+	return m.fatigue > fatigueThreshold
+}
+
+// Update is the real body now - the book finally showed it. Every
+// tick the miner gets a little thirstier, then the state machine is
+// told to run (which executes the global state, then the current
+// state - see StateMachine.Update).
+func (m *Miner) Update() {
+	m.thirst++
+	m.stateMachine.Update()
+}
+
+// ChangeState no longer does the exit/enter/swap work itself - that
+// job now belongs entirely to StateMachine.ChangeState. Miner just
+// passes the request along. This is exactly the cleanup the book
+// promised: the agent doesn't manage state transitions by hand
+// anymore, it delegates.
+func (m *Miner) ChangeState(newState State[Miner]) {
+	m.stateMachine.ChangeState(newState)
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/names.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// entityNames is a temporary stand-in for the book's real name
+// lookup table. We still haven't been shown that table, so this is
+// just a small map we're filling in by hand as we meet entities -
+// the miner (ID 1) and now his wife Elsa (ID 2).
+var entityNames = map[int]string{
+	1: "Miner Bob",
+	2: "Elsa",
+}
+
+// GetNameOfEntity looks up a friendly name for a given entity ID.
+// Anything not in entityNames falls back to printing the raw ID.
+func GetNameOfEntity(id int) string {
+	if name, ok := entityNames[id]; ok {
+		return name
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Entity %d", id)
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_do_housework.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// doHousework is Elsa's everyday default state - the singleton
+// pattern is the same one used throughout this package.
+type doHousework struct{}
+
+var (
+	doHouseworkInstance *doHousework
+	doHouseworkOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// DoHousework is the Go stand-in for "DoHousework::Instance()".
+func DoHousework() *doHousework {
+	doHouseworkOnce.Do(func() {
+		doHouseworkInstance = &doHousework{}
+	})
+	return doHouseworkInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Elsa] = (*doHousework)(nil)
+
+// chores is our own small stand-in for the book's actual chore list
+// - it only ever showed two examples in its sample output ("Moppin'
+// the floor", "Makin' the bed"), so that's exactly what's reused
+// here. One gets picked at random each tick.
+var chores = []string{
+	"Moppin' the floor",
+	"Makin' the bed",
+}
+
+// Enter does nothing - the book's sample output never shows a
+// message when Elsa starts doing housework, only while she's doing
+// it (Execute) and when she leaves the bathroom back into it.
+func (s *doHousework) Enter(e *Elsa) {}
+
+// Execute announces one randomly chosen chore per tick.
+func (s *doHousework) Execute(e *Elsa) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: %s", GetNameOfEntity(e.ID()), chores[rand.Intn(len(chores))])
+}
+
+// Exit does nothing, for the same reason as Enter.
+func (s *doHousework) Exit(e *Elsa) {}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_enter_mine_and_dig_for_nugget.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// enterMineAndDigForNugget is the Go version of the singleton class
+// EnterMineAndDigForNugget from the book. Same trick as the MyClass
+// example: the type name is lowercase (unexported), so no code
+// outside this package can even write the type's name, let alone
+// build one directly. The only legal front door is the
+// EnterMineAndDigForNugget() function below.
+type enterMineAndDigForNugget struct{}
+
+var (
+	enterMineAndDigForNuggetInstance *enterMineAndDigForNugget
+	enterMineAndDigForNuggetOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// EnterMineAndDigForNugget is the Go stand-in for the C++
+// "EnterMineAndDigForNugget::Instance()" static method. No matter
+// how many times, or from where, this gets called, it always hands
+// back the exact same object - built only the first time it's
+// actually needed. sync.Once is Go's tool for "run this exactly
+// once, even if many goroutines try at the same time" - it plays
+// the same role as C++11's guarantee that a function-local static
+// is only ever initialized once.
+func EnterMineAndDigForNugget() *enterMineAndDigForNugget {
+	enterMineAndDigForNuggetOnce.Do(func() {
+		enterMineAndDigForNuggetInstance = &enterMineAndDigForNugget{}
+	})
+	return enterMineAndDigForNuggetInstance
+}
+
+// compile-time check: this line does nothing at runtime, it just
+// makes the compiler verify that *enterMineAndDigForNugget really
+// does satisfy State[Miner] (has Enter, Execute and Exit, all taking
+// a *Miner). This is the Go version of the book's
+// "class EnterMineAndDigForNugget : public State<Miner>" - filling
+// in the template's blank slot with Miner.
+var _ State[Miner] = (*enterMineAndDigForNugget)(nil)
+
+// Enter is the Go version of EnterMineAndDigForNugget::Enter. If the
+// miner isn't already at the gold mine, send him walking there.
+func (s *enterMineAndDigForNugget) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Location() != goldmine {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: Walkin' to the gold mine", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.ChangeLocation(goldmine)
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute is the Go version of EnterMineAndDigForNugget::Execute.
+// Every tick spent in this state, the miner picks up one nugget and
+// gets a little more tired. If his pockets are full he heads to the
+// bank; if he's gotten thirsty along the way he heads to the saloon
+// instead.
+func (s *enterMineAndDigForNugget) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	m.AddToGoldCarried(1)
+
+	// diggin' is hard work
+	m.IncreaseFatigue()
+
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Pickin' up a nugget", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+
+	// if enough gold mined, go and put it in the bank
+	if m.PocketsFull() {
+		m.ChangeState(VisitBankAndDepositGold())
+	}
+
+	// if thirsty go and get a whiskey
+	if m.Thirsty() {
+		m.ChangeState(QuenchThirst())
+	}
+}
+
+// Exit is the Go version of EnterMineAndDigForNugget::Exit. It just
+// announces that the miner is leaving the mine - all the actual
+// state-switching already happened back in Execute.
+func (s *enterMineAndDigForNugget) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Ah'm leavin' the gold mine with mah pockets full o' sweet gold", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_go_home_and_sleep_til_rested.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// goHomeAndSleepTilRested is the Go version of the (not yet pasted)
+// singleton class GoHomeAndSleepTilRested from the book. Same
+// pattern as enterMineAndDigForNugget: unexported type, one shared
+// instance, reached only through the function below. This is the
+// miner's starting state.
+type goHomeAndSleepTilRested struct{}
+
+var (
+	goHomeAndSleepTilRestedInstance *goHomeAndSleepTilRested
+	goHomeAndSleepTilRestedOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// GoHomeAndSleepTilRested is the Go stand-in for
+// "GoHomeAndSleepTilRested::Instance()".
+func GoHomeAndSleepTilRested() *goHomeAndSleepTilRested {
+	goHomeAndSleepTilRestedOnce.Do(func() {
+		goHomeAndSleepTilRestedInstance = &goHomeAndSleepTilRested{}
+	})
+	return goHomeAndSleepTilRestedInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Miner] = (*goHomeAndSleepTilRested)(nil)
+
+// The book hasn't shown us this state's real code, so this is our
+// own implementation based purely on its written description: "the
+// miner will return to his shack and sleep until his fatigue level
+// drops below an acceptable level. He will then change state to
+// EnterMineAndDigForNugget."
+
+// Enter sends the miner home, if he isn't there already.
+func (s *goHomeAndSleepTilRested) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Location() != shack {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: Headin' on home", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.ChangeLocation(shack)
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute sleeps off a little fatigue each tick, and once the miner
+// is rested enough, sends him back to work.
+func (s *goHomeAndSleepTilRested) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Fatigued() {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: ZZZZ... ", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.DecreaseFatigue()
+	} else {
+		m.ChangeState(EnterMineAndDigForNugget())
+	}
+}
+
+// Exit announces that the miner is up and about again.
+func (s *goHomeAndSleepTilRested) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: What a great sleep! Time to find more gold", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_machine.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+// StateMachine is the Go version of the C++ class template:
+//
+//	template <class entity_type>
+//	class StateMachine { ... };
+//
+// Same trick as State[T]: [T any] is a blank slot filled in with
+// whichever entity type owns this machine, e.g. StateMachine[Miner].
+// Instead of an agent managing its own currentState field and
+// ChangeState method by hand (like Miner did before), the agent now
+// just owns one of these and hands it all the work.
+type StateMachine[T any] struct {
+	// owner is the agent this state machine belongs to and acts on.
+	// Go version of "entity_type* m_pOwner".
+	owner *T
+
+	// currentState is whatever mode the agent is in right now.
+	currentState State[T]
+
+	// previousState is a record of the last state the agent was in,
+	// so RevertToPreviousState can jump back to it.
+	previousState State[T]
+
+	// globalState's Execute runs on every single Update, no matter
+	// what currentState is - for behavior that should always be
+	// checked (the book will show a real use for this later).
+	globalState State[T]
+}
+
+// NewStateMachine is the Go stand-in for the C++ constructor
+// "StateMachine(entity_type* owner)". Go doesn't run constructor
+// initializer lists automatically, so this function does that job
+// by hand: remember the owner, leave every state slot empty. An
+// empty interface value in Go is nil - that's the direct equivalent
+// of the book's NULL.
+func NewStateMachine[T any](owner *T) *StateMachine[T] {
+	return &StateMachine[T]{owner: owner}
+}
+
+// SetCurrentState, SetGlobalState and SetPreviousState are for
+// initializing the FSM directly - for example, giving an agent its
+// very first state without running it through the Enter/Exit dance
+// that ChangeState does.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) SetCurrentState(s State[T]) {
+	sm.currentState = s
+}
+
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) SetGlobalState(s State[T]) {
+	sm.globalState = s
+}
+
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) SetPreviousState(s State[T]) {
+	sm.previousState = s
+}
+
+// Update runs every tick. The C++ version marked this method const
+// (a promise that it won't change the StateMachine's own fields) -
+// Go has no equivalent keyword, and doesn't need one; nothing here
+// requires special marking. If a global state is set, its Execute
+// always runs; then, separately, whatever the current state is also
+// runs. Both can fire in the same tick - that's the point of having
+// two slots instead of one.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) Update() {
+	// if a global state exists, call its execute method
+	if sm.globalState != nil {
+		sm.globalState.Execute(sm.owner)
+	}
+
+	// same for the current state
+	if sm.currentState != nil {
+		sm.currentState.Execute(sm.owner)
+	}
+}
+
+// ChangeState switches the agent into a new state properly: it
+// remembers where it came from, tells the old state it's being
+// left, swaps over, then tells the new state it's being entered.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) ChangeState(newState State[T]) {
+	// The C++ code used assert() to make sure the new state isn't a
+	// null pointer. Go's equivalent is panic() - nil is Go's version
+	// of a null pointer/null value.
+	if newState == nil {
+		panic("StateMachine.ChangeState: trying to change to a nil state")
+	}
+
+	// keep a record of the previous state
+	sm.previousState = sm.currentState
+
+	// call the exit method of the existing state
+	sm.currentState.Exit(sm.owner)
+
+	// change state to the new state
+	sm.currentState = newState
+
+	// call the entry method of the new state
+	sm.currentState.Enter(sm.owner)
+}
+
+// RevertToPreviousState switches back to whatever state the agent
+// was in right before its current one.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) RevertToPreviousState() {
+	sm.ChangeState(sm.previousState)
+}
+
+// CurrentState, GlobalState and PreviousState are plain read-only
+// accessors for the three state slots.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) CurrentState() State[T] {
+	return sm.currentState
+}
+
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) GlobalState() State[T] {
+	return sm.globalState
+}
+
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) PreviousState() State[T] {
+	return sm.previousState
+}
+
+// IsInState reports whether the agent's current state is the same
+// state as the one passed in. The book describes this as comparing
+// state *types* (it takes "const State<entity_type>&", not a
+// pointer, and presumably checks typeid under the hood) - but every
+// concrete state in this codebase is a singleton (there's only ever
+// one *doHousework, one *visitBathroom, and so on), so comparing the
+// two interface values directly for equality gets the same answer:
+// they're equal exactly when they're both that one shared instance
+// of the same state type.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) IsInState(st State[T]) bool {
+	return sm.currentState == st
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_miner_global_state.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import "sync"
+
+// minerGlobalState is the Go version of the (not yet pasted)
+// singleton class MinerGlobalState from the book. Same pattern as
+// enterMineAndDigForNugget: unexported type, one shared instance,
+// reached only through the function below. This is the state whose
+// Execute runs on every single tick, regardless of whatever else
+// the miner is currently doing (see StateMachine.Update).
+type minerGlobalState struct{}
+
+var (
+	minerGlobalStateInstance *minerGlobalState
+	minerGlobalStateOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// MinerGlobalState is the Go stand-in for
+// "MinerGlobalState::Instance()".
+func MinerGlobalState() *minerGlobalState {
+	minerGlobalStateOnce.Do(func() {
+		minerGlobalStateInstance = &minerGlobalState{}
+	})
+	return minerGlobalStateInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Miner] = (*minerGlobalState)(nil)
+
+// Enter, Execute and Exit are placeholders - the book hasn't shown
+// us this state's real methods yet. This stub exists only so
+// NewMiner can set it as the miner's global state and compile.
+
+func (s *minerGlobalState) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	// TODO: fill in once the book shows this method's body.
+}
+
+func (s *minerGlobalState) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	// TODO: fill in once the book shows this method's body.
+}
+
+func (s *minerGlobalState) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	// TODO: fill in once the book shows this method's body.
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_quench_thirst.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// quenchThirst is the Go version of the (not yet pasted) singleton
+// class QuenchThirst from the book. Same pattern as
+// enterMineAndDigForNugget: unexported type, one shared instance,
+// reached only through the function below.
+type quenchThirst struct{}
+
+var (
+	quenchThirstInstance *quenchThirst
+	quenchThirstOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// QuenchThirst is the Go stand-in for "QuenchThirst::Instance()".
+func QuenchThirst() *quenchThirst {
+	quenchThirstOnce.Do(func() {
+		quenchThirstInstance = &quenchThirst{}
+	})
+	return quenchThirstInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Miner] = (*quenchThirst)(nil)
+
+// The book hasn't shown us this state's real code, so this is our
+// own implementation based purely on its written description: "he
+// visits the saloon in order to buy a whiskey. When his thirst is
+// quenched, he changes state to EnterMineAndDigForNugget."
+
+// Enter sends the miner to the saloon, if he isn't there already.
+func (s *quenchThirst) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Location() != saloon {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: Headin' to the saloon for a whiskey", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.ChangeLocation(saloon)
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute buys and drinks one whiskey, which is all it takes to
+// quench the thirst, then goes straight back to digging.
+func (s *quenchThirst) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: That's mighty fine sippin' liquor", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+	m.BuyAndDrinkAWhiskey()
+	m.ChangeState(EnterMineAndDigForNugget())
+}
+
+// Exit announces that the miner is leaving the saloon.
+func (s *quenchThirst) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Leavin' the saloon, feelin' good", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_visit_bank_and_deposit_gold.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// visitBankAndDepositGold is the Go version of the (not yet pasted)
+// singleton class VisitBankAndDepositGold from the book. Same
+// pattern as enterMineAndDigForNugget: unexported type, one shared
+// instance, reached only through the function below.
+type visitBankAndDepositGold struct{}
+
+var (
+	visitBankAndDepositGoldInstance *visitBankAndDepositGold
+	visitBankAndDepositGoldOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// VisitBankAndDepositGold is the Go stand-in for
+// "VisitBankAndDepositGold::Instance()".
+func VisitBankAndDepositGold() *visitBankAndDepositGold {
+	visitBankAndDepositGoldOnce.Do(func() {
+		visitBankAndDepositGoldInstance = &visitBankAndDepositGold{}
+	})
+	return visitBankAndDepositGoldInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Miner] = (*visitBankAndDepositGold)(nil)
+
+// The book hasn't shown us this state's real code, so this is our
+// own implementation based purely on its written description: "the
+// miner will walk to the bank and deposit any nuggets he is
+// carrying. If he then considers himself wealthy enough, he will
+// change state to GoHomeAndSleepTilRested. Otherwise he will change
+// state to EnterMineAndDigForNugget."
+
+// Enter sends the miner to the bank, if he isn't there already.
+func (s *visitBankAndDepositGold) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Location() != bank {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: Goin' to the bank. Yes siree", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.ChangeLocation(bank)
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute deposits whatever gold the miner is carrying, then decides
+// where to go next based on how wealthy that leaves him.
+func (s *visitBankAndDepositGold) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	m.TransferGoldToBank()
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Depositing gold. Total savings now: %d", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()), m.moneyInBank)
+
+	if m.RichEnough() {
+		m.ChangeState(GoHomeAndSleepTilRested())
+	} else {
+		m.ChangeState(EnterMineAndDigForNugget())
+	}
+}
+
+// Exit announces that the miner is leaving the bank.
+func (s *visitBankAndDepositGold) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Leavin' the bank", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_visit_bathroom.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// visitBathroom is a "blip" state: it interrupts whatever Elsa was
+// doing, does its one bit of business, and immediately hands control
+// straight back to whatever she was doing before - it never leads
+// anywhere new on its own.
+type visitBathroom struct{}
+
+var (
+	visitBathroomInstance *visitBathroom
+	visitBathroomOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// VisitBathroom is the Go stand-in for "VisitBathroom::Instance()".
+func VisitBathroom() *visitBathroom {
+	visitBathroomOnce.Do(func() {
+		visitBathroomInstance = &visitBathroom{}
+	})
+	return visitBathroomInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Elsa] = (*visitBathroom)(nil)
+
+// Enter announces the trip to the bathroom.
+func (s *visitBathroom) Enter(e *Elsa) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Walkin' to the can. Need to powda mah pretty li'l nose", GetNameOfEntity(e.ID()))
+}
+
+// Execute is the entire "blip": do the business, then immediately
+// revert to whatever state was active before VisitBathroom
+// interrupted it. RevertToPreviousState runs the normal ChangeState
+// dance (Exit here, Enter there), so nothing extra is needed.
+func (s *visitBathroom) Execute(e *Elsa) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Ahhhhhh! Sweet relief!", GetNameOfEntity(e.ID()))
+	e.FSM().RevertToPreviousState()
+}
+
+// Exit announces leaving the bathroom - this runs automatically as
+// part of the RevertToPreviousState call above.
+func (s *visitBathroom) Exit(e *Elsa) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Leavin' the john", GetNameOfEntity(e.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithmessaging/state_wifes_global_state.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// wifesGlobalState is Elsa's global state - its Execute runs on
+// every single tick of her state machine, in addition to whatever
+// her current state is doing (see StateMachine.Update). That's what
+// makes it the right place for "does nature call right now" logic:
+// the book says that can happen "during any state and at any time,"
+// which is exactly what a global state is for.
+type wifesGlobalState struct{}
+
+var (
+	wifesGlobalStateInstance *wifesGlobalState
+	wifesGlobalStateOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// WifesGlobalState is the Go stand-in for
+// "WifesGlobalState::Instance()".
+func WifesGlobalState() *wifesGlobalState {
+	wifesGlobalStateOnce.Do(func() {
+		wifesGlobalStateInstance = &wifesGlobalState{}
+	})
+	return wifesGlobalStateInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Elsa] = (*wifesGlobalState)(nil)
+
+// Enter and Exit do nothing - a global state is set once, in
+// NewElsa, and never changed, so these never actually get called.
+// They only exist to satisfy the State[Elsa] interface.
+func (s *wifesGlobalState) Enter(e *Elsa) {}
+func (s *wifesGlobalState) Exit(e *Elsa)  {}
+
+// bathroomCallChance is a 1-in-N chance, per the chapter's "1 in 10
+// chance to change to VisitBathroom state."
+const bathroomCallChance = 10
+
+// Execute rolls the dice every tick. If it comes up, and Elsa isn't
+// already in the bathroom (checked with IsInState, so this can't
+// interrupt a bathroom trip that's already happening), she breaks
+// off into VisitBathroom.
+func (s *wifesGlobalState) Execute(e *Elsa) {
+	if !e.FSM().IsInState(VisitBathroom()) && rand.Intn(bathroomCallChance) == 0 {
+		e.ChangeState(VisitBathroom())
+	}
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/elsa.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+// Elsa is the miner's wife, introduced in this section of the book.
+// She's built the exact same way Miner is: embed *BaseGameEntity for
+// her ID, own a *StateMachine[Elsa] and delegate all state
+// bookkeeping to it. This is the payoff of making State[T] and
+// StateMachine[T] generic earlier - Elsa reuses both unchanged,
+// just with the blank slot filled in as Elsa instead of Miner.
+type Elsa struct {
+	*BaseGameEntity
+
+	stateMachine *StateMachine[Elsa]
+}
+
+// NewElsa sets up Elsa's state machine: DoHousework is her ordinary,
+// everyday state, and WifesGlobalState is what checks - every single
+// tick, no matter what she's currently doing - whether nature is
+// calling. That's exactly why it has to be a global state rather
+// than logic inside DoHousework: the book says "Elsa may feel the
+// call of nature during any state and at any time," and a global
+// state's Execute runs regardless of the current state.
+func NewElsa(id int) *Elsa {
+	e := &Elsa{
+		BaseGameEntity: NewBaseGameEntity(id),
+	}
+
+	e.stateMachine = NewStateMachine(e)
+	e.stateMachine.SetCurrentState(DoHousework())
+	e.stateMachine.SetGlobalState(WifesGlobalState())
+
+	return e
+}
+
+// FSM returns Elsa's state machine.
+func (e *Elsa) FSM() *StateMachine[Elsa] {
+	return e.stateMachine
+}
+
+// Update satisfies the Entity interface (alongside the ID() method
+// borrowed from BaseGameEntity) and just delegates to the state
+// machine, same shape as Miner.Update.
+func (e *Elsa) Update() {
+	e.stateMachine.Update()
+}
+
+// ChangeState forwards to the state machine, same as Miner.ChangeState.
+func (e *Elsa) ChangeState(newState State[Elsa]) {
+	e.stateMachine.ChangeState(newState)
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/entity.go

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+// Entity is what every game object in the world must be able to do.
+// The C++ code used a pure virtual function (Update()=0) to force
+// every subclass to write its own Update. Go has no subclasses, so
+// instead we say: "anything with an Update() and an ID() method
+// counts as an Entity." A type only satisfies this interface once
+// it has its own Update method - just like the C++ version couldn't
+// be used until Update was implemented.
+type Entity interface {
+	Update()
+	ID() int
+}
+
+// nextValidID plays the role of the C++ "static int m_iNextValidID".
+// In C++, "static" on a class member means "one shared copy for the
+// whole class, not one per object." Go doesn't have that keyword for
+// structs, so we just use a normal package-level variable - it's
+// shared by every BaseGameEntity for the same reason: there's only
+// one of it.
+var nextValidID int
+
+// BaseGameEntity is the Go version of the C++ class BaseGameEntity.
+// Go doesn't have "classes" or "inheritance" - instead, other types
+// (like a Miner or a Wife later in the book) will embed this struct
+// inside themselves to borrow its fields and methods, and then add
+// their own Update method on top.
+type BaseGameEntity struct {
+	id int // was "m_ID" - the entity's own unique number
+}
+
+// NewBaseGameEntity replaces the C++ constructor:
+//
+//	BaseGameEntity(int id) { SetID(id); }
+//
+// Go structs don't run any code automatically when you create them,
+// so we write a plain function that builds one correctly. Any code
+// that wants a BaseGameEntity should call this instead of building
+// the struct by hand.
+func NewBaseGameEntity(id int) *BaseGameEntity {
+	e := &BaseGameEntity{}
+	e.setID(id)
+	return e
+}
+
+// setID is the Go version of the private C++ method SetID. It does
+// exactly what the comment in the book says: check the requested ID
+// isn't lower than the next free one, store it, then move the
+// "next free ID" counter past it.
+//
+// The C++ code used assert() for the check, which only runs in
+// debug builds and does nothing in a release build. Go has no
+// assert, so we use panic - it always runs, and it stops the
+// program immediately if this ever happens, which is exactly what
+// a broken invariant like this deserves.
+func (e *BaseGameEntity) setID(val int) {
+	if val < nextValidID {
+		panic("BaseGameEntity.setID: invalid ID")
+	}
+	e.id = val
+	nextValidID = e.id + 1
+}
+
+// ID returns the entity's unique number. This is the Go version of
+// the C++ "int ID() const { return m_ID; }" - a small read-only
+// accessor for the private field.
+func (e *BaseGameEntity) ID() int {
+	return e.id
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/miner.go

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+// State is the Go version of the C++ class template:
+//
+//	template <class entity_type>
+//	class State
+//	{
+//	public:
+//	    virtual void Enter(entity_type*)=0;
+//	    virtual void Execute(entity_type*)=0;
+//	    virtual void Exit(entity_type*)=0;
+//	    virtual ~State(){}
+//	};
+//
+// The book turned State into a template so it isn't stuck being a
+// checklist for Miner only - any entity type can use it. Go's
+// version of a template is a generic type: the "[T any]" part is a
+// blank slot (called a type parameter) that gets filled in with a
+// real type wherever State is used. T stands in for the book's
+// entity_type. "any" just means "T can be filled in with literally
+// any type" - no restrictions.
+//
+// C++ used "=0" (pure virtual) to say "every real state MUST provide
+// these three methods, this class itself is just a checklist." Go's
+// interface type does exactly that job: nothing implements State
+// automatically - a type only counts as a State[T] once it has all
+// three methods with these exact signatures for that particular T.
+//
+// There's no Go equivalent needed for "virtual ~State(){}" (the
+// destructor) - Go has a garbage collector that cleans up memory on
+// its own, so there's nothing to write by hand for that.
+type State[T any] interface {
+	// Enter runs once, the moment an entity switches into this state.
+	Enter(entity *T)
+
+	// Execute runs every single update step while the entity is in
+	// this state - this is where the actual behavior/logic lives.
+	Execute(entity *T)
+
+	// Exit runs once, the moment the entity leaves this state.
+	Exit(entity *T)
+}
+
+// locationType is a temporary stand-in for the C++ enum
+// "location_type" (things like shack, goldmine, bank, saloon). The
+// book hasn't shown us that enum yet, so this is a plain number type
+// for now until you paste the real definition.
+type locationType int
+
+// shack, goldmine, bank and saloon are the four locations the miner
+// visits, matching the four states described in the book (we still
+// haven't seen the book's actual enum definition, so these are our
+// own stand-in values - their exact numbers don't matter, we only
+// ever compare locations for equality).
+const (
+	shack locationType = iota
+	goldmine
+	bank
+	saloon
+)
+
+// Miner is the Go version of:
+//
+//	class Miner : public BaseGameEntity
+//
+// In C++, "Miner : public BaseGameEntity" means a Miner IS a
+// BaseGameEntity - it inherits all of its fields and methods for
+// free. Go has no inheritance. Instead we EMBED a *BaseGameEntity
+// inside Miner: we stick the smaller struct inside the bigger one,
+// and Go automatically lets Miner "borrow" BaseGameEntity's methods
+// as if they were its own. That's why Miner gets an ID() method
+// without us writing one ourselves - it's borrowed.
+type Miner struct {
+	*BaseGameEntity
+
+	// stateMachine is the Go version of
+	// "StateMachine<Miner>* m_pStateMachine". All the bookkeeping
+	// that used to live directly on Miner (currentState, and the
+	// exit/enter dance in ChangeState) now belongs to this instead -
+	// Miner just delegates to it.
+	stateMachine *StateMachine[Miner]
+
+	// location is where the miner currently is.
+	location locationType
+
+	// goldCarried: how many gold nuggets the miner has in his pockets.
+	goldCarried int
+
+	// moneyInBank: how much money the miner has deposited at the bank.
+	moneyInBank int
+
+	// thirst: the higher this number, the thirstier the miner is.
+	thirst int
+
+	// fatigue: the higher this number, the more tired the miner is.
+	fatigue int
+}
+
+// NewMiner is the Go stand-in for the C++ constructor "Miner(int id)".
+// C++'s member initializer list (the "m_Location(shack), ..." part
+// before the constructor's { }) is just how C++ sets a struct's
+// starting field values before the body runs - in Go we set the same
+// starting values with an ordinary struct literal instead.
+func NewMiner(id int) *Miner {
+	m := &Miner{
+		BaseGameEntity: NewBaseGameEntity(id),
+		location:       shack,
+		goldCarried:    0,
+		moneyInBank:    0,
+		thirst:         0,
+		fatigue:        0,
+	}
+
+	// set up state machine
+	m.stateMachine = NewStateMachine(m)
+	m.stateMachine.SetCurrentState(GoHomeAndSleepTilRested())
+	m.stateMachine.SetGlobalState(MinerGlobalState())
+
+	return m
+}
+
+// FSM returns the miner's state machine. This is the Go version of
+// "GetFSM()const" - Go convention drops the "Get" prefix that
+// C++/Java getters use, so it's just FSM().
+func (m *Miner) FSM() *StateMachine[Miner] {
+	return m.stateMachine
+}
+
+// Location returns where the miner currently is. This is the getter
+// the book's Enter/Execute/Exit methods call to check on a miner
+// before deciding what to do.
+func (m *Miner) Location() locationType {
+	return m.location
+}
+
+// ChangeLocation moves the miner to a new location. This is the
+// setter half of the pair - states call this to actually send a
+// miner somewhere.
+func (m *Miner) ChangeLocation(loc locationType) {
+	m.location = loc
+}
+
+// AddToGoldCarried adds amount to how much gold the miner is
+// currently carrying in his pockets (separate from what's already
+// safely deposited at the bank).
+func (m *Miner) AddToGoldCarried(amount int) {
+	m.goldCarried += amount
+}
+
+// IncreaseFatigue bumps the miner's tiredness up by one notch.
+func (m *Miner) IncreaseFatigue() {
+	m.fatigue++
+}
+
+// maxNuggets is a placeholder for a constant the book hasn't shown
+// us the exact value of yet (something like "const int MaxNuggets").
+// It's how many gold nuggets a miner's pockets can hold before his
+// pockets count as "full." Replace this once you paste the real
+// value from the book.
+const maxNuggets = 3
+
+// PocketsFull reports whether the miner is carrying as much gold as
+// his pockets can hold.
+func (m *Miner) PocketsFull() bool {
+	return m.goldCarried >= maxNuggets
+}
+
+// thirstThreshold is a placeholder for a constant the book hasn't
+// shown us the exact value of yet (it's called something like
+// "ComfortLevel" there). It's the point past which the miner's
+// thirst counts as "too thirsty." Replace this once you paste the
+// real value from the book.
+const thirstThreshold = 5
+
+// Thirsty reports whether the miner's thirst has crossed the
+// threshold where he needs a drink.
+func (m *Miner) Thirsty() bool {
+	return m.thirst > thirstThreshold
+}
+
+// BuyAndDrinkAWhiskey simulates buying and drinking a whiskey:
+// thirst drops straight back to zero. We're inventing this method
+// ourselves (the book hasn't shown the QuenchThirst state's real
+// Execute body to us), based purely on the chapter's written
+// description: "he visits the saloon in order to buy a whiskey. When
+// his thirst is quenched, ...". Named differently from the
+// QuenchThirst state itself (below) to avoid confusing the two.
+func (m *Miner) BuyAndDrinkAWhiskey() {
+	m.thirst = 0
+}
+
+// TransferGoldToBank moves everything the miner is carrying into his
+// bank balance, and empties his pockets back out.
+func (m *Miner) TransferGoldToBank() {
+	m.moneyInBank += m.goldCarried
+	m.goldCarried = 0
+}
+
+// comfortableWealth is our own placeholder for how much money in the
+// bank counts as "wealthy enough" to head home and rest, per the
+// book's description of VisitBankAndDepositGold. The book hasn't
+// given us a real number for this, so this is a guess - swap it out
+// if you find the book's actual value.
+const comfortableWealth = 6
+
+// RichEnough reports whether the miner has banked enough money to
+// feel comfortable stopping work for a while.
+func (m *Miner) RichEnough() bool {
+	return m.moneyInBank >= comfortableWealth
+}
+
+// DecreaseFatigue lowers the miner's tiredness by one notch, without
+// letting it go below zero.
+func (m *Miner) DecreaseFatigue() {
+	if m.fatigue > 0 {
+		m.fatigue--
+	}
+}
+
+// fatigueThreshold is our own placeholder for the "acceptable level"
+// of fatigue mentioned in GoHomeAndSleepTilRested's description. The
+// book hasn't given us a real number for this either - another
+// guess, swap it out once you know the real one.
+const fatigueThreshold = 5
+
+// Fatigued reports whether the miner is still too tired to go back
+// to work.
+func (m *Miner) Fatigued() bool {
+	return m.fatigue > fatigueThreshold
+}
+
+// Update is the real body now - the book finally showed it. Every
+// tick the miner gets a little thirstier, then the state machine is
+// told to run (which executes the global state, then the current
+// state - see StateMachine.Update).
+func (m *Miner) Update() {
+	m.thirst++
+	m.stateMachine.Update()
+}
+
+// ChangeState no longer does the exit/enter/swap work itself - that
+// job now belongs entirely to StateMachine.ChangeState. Miner just
+// passes the request along. This is exactly the cleanup the book
+// promised: the agent doesn't manage state transitions by hand
+// anymore, it delegates.
+func (m *Miner) ChangeState(newState State[Miner]) {
+	m.stateMachine.ChangeState(newState)
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/names.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// entityNames is a temporary stand-in for the book's real name
+// lookup table. We still haven't been shown that table, so this is
+// just a small map we're filling in by hand as we meet entities -
+// the miner (ID 1) and now his wife Elsa (ID 2).
+var entityNames = map[int]string{
+	1: "Miner Bob",
+	2: "Elsa",
+}
+
+// GetNameOfEntity looks up a friendly name for a given entity ID.
+// Anything not in entityNames falls back to printing the raw ID.
+func GetNameOfEntity(id int) string {
+	if name, ok := entityNames[id]; ok {
+		return name
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Entity %d", id)
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_do_housework.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// doHousework is Elsa's everyday default state - the singleton
+// pattern is the same one used throughout this package.
+type doHousework struct{}
+
+var (
+	doHouseworkInstance *doHousework
+	doHouseworkOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// DoHousework is the Go stand-in for "DoHousework::Instance()".
+func DoHousework() *doHousework {
+	doHouseworkOnce.Do(func() {
+		doHouseworkInstance = &doHousework{}
+	})
+	return doHouseworkInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Elsa] = (*doHousework)(nil)
+
+// chores is our own small stand-in for the book's actual chore list
+// - it only ever showed two examples in its sample output ("Moppin'
+// the floor", "Makin' the bed"), so that's exactly what's reused
+// here. One gets picked at random each tick.
+var chores = []string{
+	"Moppin' the floor",
+	"Makin' the bed",
+}
+
+// Enter does nothing - the book's sample output never shows a
+// message when Elsa starts doing housework, only while she's doing
+// it (Execute) and when she leaves the bathroom back into it.
+func (s *doHousework) Enter(e *Elsa) {}
+
+// Execute announces one randomly chosen chore per tick.
+func (s *doHousework) Execute(e *Elsa) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: %s", GetNameOfEntity(e.ID()), chores[rand.Intn(len(chores))])
+}
+
+// Exit does nothing, for the same reason as Enter.
+func (s *doHousework) Exit(e *Elsa) {}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_enter_mine_and_dig_for_nugget.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// enterMineAndDigForNugget is the Go version of the singleton class
+// EnterMineAndDigForNugget from the book. Same trick as the MyClass
+// example: the type name is lowercase (unexported), so no code
+// outside this package can even write the type's name, let alone
+// build one directly. The only legal front door is the
+// EnterMineAndDigForNugget() function below.
+type enterMineAndDigForNugget struct{}
+
+var (
+	enterMineAndDigForNuggetInstance *enterMineAndDigForNugget
+	enterMineAndDigForNuggetOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// EnterMineAndDigForNugget is the Go stand-in for the C++
+// "EnterMineAndDigForNugget::Instance()" static method. No matter
+// how many times, or from where, this gets called, it always hands
+// back the exact same object - built only the first time it's
+// actually needed. sync.Once is Go's tool for "run this exactly
+// once, even if many goroutines try at the same time" - it plays
+// the same role as C++11's guarantee that a function-local static
+// is only ever initialized once.
+func EnterMineAndDigForNugget() *enterMineAndDigForNugget {
+	enterMineAndDigForNuggetOnce.Do(func() {
+		enterMineAndDigForNuggetInstance = &enterMineAndDigForNugget{}
+	})
+	return enterMineAndDigForNuggetInstance
+}
+
+// compile-time check: this line does nothing at runtime, it just
+// makes the compiler verify that *enterMineAndDigForNugget really
+// does satisfy State[Miner] (has Enter, Execute and Exit, all taking
+// a *Miner). This is the Go version of the book's
+// "class EnterMineAndDigForNugget : public State<Miner>" - filling
+// in the template's blank slot with Miner.
+var _ State[Miner] = (*enterMineAndDigForNugget)(nil)
+
+// Enter is the Go version of EnterMineAndDigForNugget::Enter. If the
+// miner isn't already at the gold mine, send him walking there.
+func (s *enterMineAndDigForNugget) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Location() != goldmine {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: Walkin' to the gold mine", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.ChangeLocation(goldmine)
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute is the Go version of EnterMineAndDigForNugget::Execute.
+// Every tick spent in this state, the miner picks up one nugget and
+// gets a little more tired. If his pockets are full he heads to the
+// bank; if he's gotten thirsty along the way he heads to the saloon
+// instead.
+func (s *enterMineAndDigForNugget) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	m.AddToGoldCarried(1)
+
+	// diggin' is hard work
+	m.IncreaseFatigue()
+
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Pickin' up a nugget", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+
+	// if enough gold mined, go and put it in the bank
+	if m.PocketsFull() {
+		m.ChangeState(VisitBankAndDepositGold())
+	}
+
+	// if thirsty go and get a whiskey
+	if m.Thirsty() {
+		m.ChangeState(QuenchThirst())
+	}
+}
+
+// Exit is the Go version of EnterMineAndDigForNugget::Exit. It just
+// announces that the miner is leaving the mine - all the actual
+// state-switching already happened back in Execute.
+func (s *enterMineAndDigForNugget) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Ah'm leavin' the gold mine with mah pockets full o' sweet gold", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_go_home_and_sleep_til_rested.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// goHomeAndSleepTilRested is the Go version of the (not yet pasted)
+// singleton class GoHomeAndSleepTilRested from the book. Same
+// pattern as enterMineAndDigForNugget: unexported type, one shared
+// instance, reached only through the function below. This is the
+// miner's starting state.
+type goHomeAndSleepTilRested struct{}
+
+var (
+	goHomeAndSleepTilRestedInstance *goHomeAndSleepTilRested
+	goHomeAndSleepTilRestedOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// GoHomeAndSleepTilRested is the Go stand-in for
+// "GoHomeAndSleepTilRested::Instance()".
+func GoHomeAndSleepTilRested() *goHomeAndSleepTilRested {
+	goHomeAndSleepTilRestedOnce.Do(func() {
+		goHomeAndSleepTilRestedInstance = &goHomeAndSleepTilRested{}
+	})
+	return goHomeAndSleepTilRestedInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Miner] = (*goHomeAndSleepTilRested)(nil)
+
+// The book hasn't shown us this state's real code, so this is our
+// own implementation based purely on its written description: "the
+// miner will return to his shack and sleep until his fatigue level
+// drops below an acceptable level. He will then change state to
+// EnterMineAndDigForNugget."
+
+// Enter sends the miner home, if he isn't there already.
+func (s *goHomeAndSleepTilRested) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Location() != shack {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: Headin' on home", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.ChangeLocation(shack)
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute sleeps off a little fatigue each tick, and once the miner
+// is rested enough, sends him back to work.
+func (s *goHomeAndSleepTilRested) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Fatigued() {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: ZZZZ... ", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.DecreaseFatigue()
+	} else {
+		m.ChangeState(EnterMineAndDigForNugget())
+	}
+}
+
+// Exit announces that the miner is up and about again.
+func (s *goHomeAndSleepTilRested) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: What a great sleep! Time to find more gold", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_machine.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+// StateMachine is the Go version of the C++ class template:
+//
+//	template <class entity_type>
+//	class StateMachine { ... };
+//
+// Same trick as State[T]: [T any] is a blank slot filled in with
+// whichever entity type owns this machine, e.g. StateMachine[Miner].
+// Instead of an agent managing its own currentState field and
+// ChangeState method by hand (like Miner did before), the agent now
+// just owns one of these and hands it all the work.
+type StateMachine[T any] struct {
+	// owner is the agent this state machine belongs to and acts on.
+	// Go version of "entity_type* m_pOwner".
+	owner *T
+
+	// currentState is whatever mode the agent is in right now.
+	currentState State[T]
+
+	// previousState is a record of the last state the agent was in,
+	// so RevertToPreviousState can jump back to it.
+	previousState State[T]
+
+	// globalState's Execute runs on every single Update, no matter
+	// what currentState is - for behavior that should always be
+	// checked (the book will show a real use for this later).
+	globalState State[T]
+}
+
+// NewStateMachine is the Go stand-in for the C++ constructor
+// "StateMachine(entity_type* owner)". Go doesn't run constructor
+// initializer lists automatically, so this function does that job
+// by hand: remember the owner, leave every state slot empty. An
+// empty interface value in Go is nil - that's the direct equivalent
+// of the book's NULL.
+func NewStateMachine[T any](owner *T) *StateMachine[T] {
+	return &StateMachine[T]{owner: owner}
+}
+
+// SetCurrentState, SetGlobalState and SetPreviousState are for
+// initializing the FSM directly - for example, giving an agent its
+// very first state without running it through the Enter/Exit dance
+// that ChangeState does.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) SetCurrentState(s State[T]) {
+	sm.currentState = s
+}
+
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) SetGlobalState(s State[T]) {
+	sm.globalState = s
+}
+
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) SetPreviousState(s State[T]) {
+	sm.previousState = s
+}
+
+// Update runs every tick. The C++ version marked this method const
+// (a promise that it won't change the StateMachine's own fields) -
+// Go has no equivalent keyword, and doesn't need one; nothing here
+// requires special marking. If a global state is set, its Execute
+// always runs; then, separately, whatever the current state is also
+// runs. Both can fire in the same tick - that's the point of having
+// two slots instead of one.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) Update() {
+	// if a global state exists, call its execute method
+	if sm.globalState != nil {
+		sm.globalState.Execute(sm.owner)
+	}
+
+	// same for the current state
+	if sm.currentState != nil {
+		sm.currentState.Execute(sm.owner)
+	}
+}
+
+// ChangeState switches the agent into a new state properly: it
+// remembers where it came from, tells the old state it's being
+// left, swaps over, then tells the new state it's being entered.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) ChangeState(newState State[T]) {
+	// The C++ code used assert() to make sure the new state isn't a
+	// null pointer. Go's equivalent is panic() - nil is Go's version
+	// of a null pointer/null value.
+	if newState == nil {
+		panic("StateMachine.ChangeState: trying to change to a nil state")
+	}
+
+	// keep a record of the previous state
+	sm.previousState = sm.currentState
+
+	// call the exit method of the existing state
+	sm.currentState.Exit(sm.owner)
+
+	// change state to the new state
+	sm.currentState = newState
+
+	// call the entry method of the new state
+	sm.currentState.Enter(sm.owner)
+}
+
+// RevertToPreviousState switches back to whatever state the agent
+// was in right before its current one.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) RevertToPreviousState() {
+	sm.ChangeState(sm.previousState)
+}
+
+// CurrentState, GlobalState and PreviousState are plain read-only
+// accessors for the three state slots.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) CurrentState() State[T] {
+	return sm.currentState
+}
+
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) GlobalState() State[T] {
+	return sm.globalState
+}
+
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) PreviousState() State[T] {
+	return sm.previousState
+}
+
+// IsInState reports whether the agent's current state is the same
+// state as the one passed in. The book describes this as comparing
+// state *types* (it takes "const State<entity_type>&", not a
+// pointer, and presumably checks typeid under the hood) - but every
+// concrete state in this codebase is a singleton (there's only ever
+// one *doHousework, one *visitBathroom, and so on), so comparing the
+// two interface values directly for equality gets the same answer:
+// they're equal exactly when they're both that one shared instance
+// of the same state type.
+func (sm *StateMachine[T]) IsInState(st State[T]) bool {
+	return sm.currentState == st
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_miner_global_state.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import "sync"
+
+// minerGlobalState is the Go version of the (not yet pasted)
+// singleton class MinerGlobalState from the book. Same pattern as
+// enterMineAndDigForNugget: unexported type, one shared instance,
+// reached only through the function below. This is the state whose
+// Execute runs on every single tick, regardless of whatever else
+// the miner is currently doing (see StateMachine.Update).
+type minerGlobalState struct{}
+
+var (
+	minerGlobalStateInstance *minerGlobalState
+	minerGlobalStateOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// MinerGlobalState is the Go stand-in for
+// "MinerGlobalState::Instance()".
+func MinerGlobalState() *minerGlobalState {
+	minerGlobalStateOnce.Do(func() {
+		minerGlobalStateInstance = &minerGlobalState{}
+	})
+	return minerGlobalStateInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Miner] = (*minerGlobalState)(nil)
+
+// Enter, Execute and Exit are placeholders - the book hasn't shown
+// us this state's real methods yet. This stub exists only so
+// NewMiner can set it as the miner's global state and compile.
+
+func (s *minerGlobalState) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	// TODO: fill in once the book shows this method's body.
+}
+
+func (s *minerGlobalState) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	// TODO: fill in once the book shows this method's body.
+}
+
+func (s *minerGlobalState) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	// TODO: fill in once the book shows this method's body.
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_quench_thirst.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// quenchThirst is the Go version of the (not yet pasted) singleton
+// class QuenchThirst from the book. Same pattern as
+// enterMineAndDigForNugget: unexported type, one shared instance,
+// reached only through the function below.
+type quenchThirst struct{}
+
+var (
+	quenchThirstInstance *quenchThirst
+	quenchThirstOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// QuenchThirst is the Go stand-in for "QuenchThirst::Instance()".
+func QuenchThirst() *quenchThirst {
+	quenchThirstOnce.Do(func() {
+		quenchThirstInstance = &quenchThirst{}
+	})
+	return quenchThirstInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Miner] = (*quenchThirst)(nil)
+
+// The book hasn't shown us this state's real code, so this is our
+// own implementation based purely on its written description: "he
+// visits the saloon in order to buy a whiskey. When his thirst is
+// quenched, he changes state to EnterMineAndDigForNugget."
+
+// Enter sends the miner to the saloon, if he isn't there already.
+func (s *quenchThirst) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Location() != saloon {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: Headin' to the saloon for a whiskey", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.ChangeLocation(saloon)
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute buys and drinks one whiskey, which is all it takes to
+// quench the thirst, then goes straight back to digging.
+func (s *quenchThirst) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: That's mighty fine sippin' liquor", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+	m.BuyAndDrinkAWhiskey()
+	m.ChangeState(EnterMineAndDigForNugget())
+}
+
+// Exit announces that the miner is leaving the saloon.
+func (s *quenchThirst) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Leavin' the saloon, feelin' good", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_visit_bank_and_deposit_gold.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// visitBankAndDepositGold is the Go version of the (not yet pasted)
+// singleton class VisitBankAndDepositGold from the book. Same
+// pattern as enterMineAndDigForNugget: unexported type, one shared
+// instance, reached only through the function below.
+type visitBankAndDepositGold struct{}
+
+var (
+	visitBankAndDepositGoldInstance *visitBankAndDepositGold
+	visitBankAndDepositGoldOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// VisitBankAndDepositGold is the Go stand-in for
+// "VisitBankAndDepositGold::Instance()".
+func VisitBankAndDepositGold() *visitBankAndDepositGold {
+	visitBankAndDepositGoldOnce.Do(func() {
+		visitBankAndDepositGoldInstance = &visitBankAndDepositGold{}
+	})
+	return visitBankAndDepositGoldInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Miner] = (*visitBankAndDepositGold)(nil)
+
+// The book hasn't shown us this state's real code, so this is our
+// own implementation based purely on its written description: "the
+// miner will walk to the bank and deposit any nuggets he is
+// carrying. If he then considers himself wealthy enough, he will
+// change state to GoHomeAndSleepTilRested. Otherwise he will change
+// state to EnterMineAndDigForNugget."
+
+// Enter sends the miner to the bank, if he isn't there already.
+func (s *visitBankAndDepositGold) Enter(m *Miner) {
+	if m.Location() != bank {
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s: Goin' to the bank. Yes siree", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+		m.ChangeLocation(bank)
+	}
+}
+
+// Execute deposits whatever gold the miner is carrying, then decides
+// where to go next based on how wealthy that leaves him.
+func (s *visitBankAndDepositGold) Execute(m *Miner) {
+	m.TransferGoldToBank()
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Depositing gold. Total savings now: %d", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()), m.moneyInBank)
+
+	if m.RichEnough() {
+		m.ChangeState(GoHomeAndSleepTilRested())
+	} else {
+		m.ChangeState(EnterMineAndDigForNugget())
+	}
+}
+
+// Exit announces that the miner is leaving the bank.
+func (s *visitBankAndDepositGold) Exit(m *Miner) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Leavin' the bank", GetNameOfEntity(m.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_visit_bathroom.go

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// visitBathroom is a "blip" state: it interrupts whatever Elsa was
+// doing, does its one bit of business, and immediately hands control
+// straight back to whatever she was doing before - it never leads
+// anywhere new on its own.
+type visitBathroom struct{}
+
+var (
+	visitBathroomInstance *visitBathroom
+	visitBathroomOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// VisitBathroom is the Go stand-in for "VisitBathroom::Instance()".
+func VisitBathroom() *visitBathroom {
+	visitBathroomOnce.Do(func() {
+		visitBathroomInstance = &visitBathroom{}
+	})
+	return visitBathroomInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Elsa] = (*visitBathroom)(nil)
+
+// Enter announces the trip to the bathroom.
+func (s *visitBathroom) Enter(e *Elsa) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Walkin' to the can. Need to powda mah pretty li'l nose", GetNameOfEntity(e.ID()))
+}
+
+// Execute is the entire "blip": do the business, then immediately
+// revert to whatever state was active before VisitBathroom
+// interrupted it. RevertToPreviousState runs the normal ChangeState
+// dance (Exit here, Enter there), so nothing extra is needed.
+func (s *visitBathroom) Execute(e *Elsa) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Ahhhhhh! Sweet relief!", GetNameOfEntity(e.ID()))
+	e.FSM().RevertToPreviousState()
+}
+
+// Exit announces leaving the bathroom - this runs automatically as
+// part of the RevertToPreviousState call above.
+func (s *visitBathroom) Exit(e *Elsa) {
+	fmt.Printf("\n%s: Leavin' the john", GetNameOfEntity(e.ID()))
+}

chapter-2-state-driven-agent-design/westworldwithwoman/state_wifes_global_state.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package westworldwithwoman
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// wifesGlobalState is Elsa's global state - its Execute runs on
+// every single tick of her state machine, in addition to whatever
+// her current state is doing (see StateMachine.Update). That's what
+// makes it the right place for "does nature call right now" logic:
+// the book says that can happen "during any state and at any time,"
+// which is exactly what a global state is for.
+type wifesGlobalState struct{}
+
+var (
+	wifesGlobalStateInstance *wifesGlobalState
+	wifesGlobalStateOnce     sync.Once
+)
+
+// WifesGlobalState is the Go stand-in for
+// "WifesGlobalState::Instance()".
+func WifesGlobalState() *wifesGlobalState {
+	wifesGlobalStateOnce.Do(func() {
+		wifesGlobalStateInstance = &wifesGlobalState{}
+	})
+	return wifesGlobalStateInstance
+}
+
+var _ State[Elsa] = (*wifesGlobalState)(nil)
+
+// Enter and Exit do nothing - a global state is set once, in
+// NewElsa, and never changed, so these never actually get called.
+// They only exist to satisfy the State[Elsa] interface.
+func (s *wifesGlobalState) Enter(e *Elsa) {}
+func (s *wifesGlobalState) Exit(e *Elsa)  {}
+
+// bathroomCallChance is a 1-in-N chance, per the chapter's "1 in 10
+// chance to change to VisitBathroom state."
+const bathroomCallChance = 10
+
+// Execute rolls the dice every tick. If it comes up, and Elsa isn't
+// already in the bathroom (checked with IsInState, so this can't
+// interrupt a bathroom trip that's already happening), she breaks
+// off into VisitBathroom.
+func (s *wifesGlobalState) Execute(e *Elsa) {
+	if !e.FSM().IsInState(VisitBathroom()) && rand.Intn(bathroomCallChance) == 0 {
+		e.ChangeState(VisitBathroom())
+	}
+}