feat: token based authentication, authenticate route, token storage

projects/greenlight/cmd/api/context.go

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"greenlight.debuggingjon.dev/internal/data"
+)
+
+// Define a custom contextKey type, with the underlying type string.
+type contextKey string
+
+// Convert the string "user" to a contextKey type and assign it to the userContextKey
+// constant. We'll use this constant as the key for getting and setting user information
+// in the request context.
+const userContextKey = contextKey("user")
+
+// The contextSetUser() method returns a new copy of the request with the provided
+// User struct added to the context. Note that we use our userContextKey constant as the
+// key.
+func (app *application) contextSetUser(r *http.Request, user *data.User) *http.Request {
+	ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), userContextKey, user)
+	return r.WithContext(ctx)
+}
+
+// The contextSetUser() retrieves the User struct from the request context. The only
+// time that we'll use this helper is when we logically expect there to be User struct
+// value in the context, and if it doesn't exist it will firmly be an 'unexpected' error.
+// As we discussed earlier in the book, it's OK to panic in those circumstances.
+func (app *application) contextGetUser(r *http.Request) *data.User {
+	user, ok := r.Context().Value(userContextKey).(*data.User)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("missing user value in request context")
+	}
+
+	return user
+}

projects/greenlight/cmd/api/errors.go

@@ -76,3 +76,15 @@ func (app *application) rateLimitExceededResponse(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http
 	message := "rate limit exceeded"
 	app.errorResponse(w, r, http.StatusTooManyRequests, message)
 }
+
+func (app *application) invalidCredentialsResponse(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	message := "invalid authentication credentials"
+	app.errorResponse(w, r, http.StatusUnauthorized, message)
+}
+
+func (app *application) invalidAuthenticationTokenResponse(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	w.Header().Set("WWW-Authenticate", "Bearer")
+
+	message := "invalid or missing authentication token"
+	app.errorResponse(w, r, http.StatusUnauthorized, message)
+}

projects/greenlight/cmd/api/middleware.go

@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"golang.org/x/time/rate"
+	"greenlight.debuggingjon.dev/internal/data"
+	"greenlight.debuggingjon.dev/internal/validator"
 )
 
 func (app *application) recoverPanic(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
@@ -107,3 +111,73 @@ func (app *application) rateLimit(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 	})
 }
+
+func (app *application) authenticate(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		// Add the "Vary: Authorization" header to the response. This indicates to any
+		// caches that the response may vary based on the value of the Authorization
+		// header in the request.
+		w.Header().Add("Vary", "Authorization")
+
+		// Retrieve the value of the Authorization header from the request. This will
+		// return the empty string "" if there is no such header found.
+		authorizationHeader := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
+
+		// If there is no Authorization header found, use the contextSetUser() helper
+		// that we just made to add the AnonymousUser to the request context. Then we
+		// call the next handler in the chain and return without executing any of the
+		// code below.
+		if authorizationHeader == "" {
+			r = app.contextSetUser(r, data.AnonymousUser)
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise, we expect the value of the Authorization header to be in the format
+		// "Bearer <token>". We try to split this into its constituent parts, and if the
+		// header isn't in the expected format we return a 401 Unauthorized response
+		// using the invalidAuthenticationTokenResponse() helper (which we will create
+		// in a moment).
+		headerParts := strings.Split(authorizationHeader, " ")
+		if len(headerParts) != 2 || headerParts[0] != "Bearer" {
+			app.invalidAuthenticationTokenResponse(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Extract the actual authentication token from the header parts.
+		token := headerParts[1]
+
+		// Validate the token to make sure it is in a sensible format.
+		v := validator.New()
+
+		// If the token isn't valid, use the invalidAuthenticationTokenResponse()
+		// helper to send a response, rather than the failedValidationResponse() helper
+		// that we'd normally use.
+		if data.ValidateTokenPlaintext(v, token); !v.Valid() {
+			app.invalidAuthenticationTokenResponse(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Retrieve the details of the user associated with the authentication token,
+		// again calling the invalidAuthenticationTokenResponse() helper if no
+		// matching record was found. IMPORTANT: Notice that we are using
+		// ScopeAuthentication as the first parameter here.
+		user, err := app.models.Users.GetForToken(data.ScopeAuthentication, token)
+		if err != nil {
+			switch {
+			case errors.Is(err, data.ErrRecordNotFound):
+				app.invalidAuthenticationTokenResponse(w, r)
+			default:
+				app.serverErrorResponse(w, r, err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Call the contextSetUser() helper to add the user information to the request
+		// context.
+		r = app.contextSetUser(r, user)
+
+		// Call the next handler in the chain.
+		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+	})
+}

projects/greenlight/cmd/api/routes.go

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ func (app *application) routes() http.Handler {
 	router.HandlerFunc(http.MethodDelete, "/v1/movies/:id", app.deleteMovieHandler)
 	router.HandlerFunc(http.MethodPost, "/v1/users", app.registerUserHandler)
 	router.HandlerFunc(http.MethodPut, "/v1/users/activated", app.activateUserHandler)
+	router.HandlerFunc(http.MethodPost, "/v1/tokens/authentication", app.createAuthenticationTokenHandler)
 	// Wrap the router with the rateLimit() middleware.
-	return app.recoverPanic(app.rateLimit(router))
+	// Use the authenticate() middleware on all requests.
+	return app.recoverPanic(app.rateLimit(app.authenticate(router)))
 }

projects/greenlight/cmd/api/tokens.go

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"greenlight.debuggingjon.dev/internal/data"
+	"greenlight.debuggingjon.dev/internal/validator"
+)
+
+func (app *application) createAuthenticationTokenHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	// Parse the email and password from the request body.
+	var input struct {
+		Email    string `json:"email"`
+		Password string `json:"password"`
+	}
+
+	err := app.readJSON(w, r, &input)
+	if err != nil {
+		app.badRequestResponse(w, r, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Validate the email and password provided by the client.
+	v := validator.New()
+
+	data.ValidateEmail(v, input.Email)
+	data.ValidatePasswordPlaintext(v, input.Password)
+
+	if !v.Valid() {
+		app.failedValidationResponse(w, r, v.Errors)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Lookup the user record based on the email address. If no matching user was
+	// found, then we call the app.invalidCredentialsResponse() helper to send a 401
+	user, err := app.models.Users.GetByEmail(input.Email)
+	if err != nil {
+		switch {
+		case errors.Is(err, data.ErrRecordNotFound):
+			app.invalidCredentialsResponse(w, r)
+		default:
+			app.serverErrorResponse(w, r, err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Check if the provided password matches the actual password for the user.
+	match, err := user.Password.Matches(input.Password)
+	if err != nil {
+		app.serverErrorResponse(w, r, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// If the passwords don't match, then we call the app.invalidCredentialsResponse()
+	// helper again and return.
+	if !match {
+		app.invalidCredentialsResponse(w, r)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Otherwise, if the password is correct, we generate a new token with a 24-hour
+	// expiry time and the scope 'authentication'.
+	token, err := app.models.Tokens.New(user.ID, 24*time.Hour, data.ScopeAuthentication)
+	if err != nil {
+		app.serverErrorResponse(w, r, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Encode the token to JSON and send it in the response along with a 201 Created
+	// status code.
+	err = app.writeJSON(w, http.StatusCreated, envelope{"authentication_token": token}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		app.serverErrorResponse(w, r, err)
+	}
+}

projects/greenlight/docs/api/greenlight-bruno/Authentication/Authenticate.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+info:
+  name: Authenticate
+  type: http
+  seq: 1
+
+http:
+  method: POST
+  url: "{{URL}}/v1/tokens/authentication"
+  body:
+    type: json
+    data: |-
+      {
+        "email": "bob@example.com",
+        "password": "pa55word"
+      }
+  auth: inherit
+
+settings:
+  encodeUrl: true
+  timeout: 0
+  followRedirects: true
+  maxRedirects: 5

projects/greenlight/docs/api/greenlight-bruno/Authentication/folder.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+info:
+  name: Authentication
+  type: folder
+  seq: 4
+
+request:
+  auth: inherit

projects/greenlight/docs/api/greenlight-bruno/Healthcheck.yml

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ info:
 http:
   method: GET
   url: "{{URL}}{{VERSION}}/healthcheck"
+  headers:
+    - name: Authorization
+      value: Bearer 5AGLBDVJA6X2VTBLYCQ3KBROHM
   auth: inherit
 
 settings:

projects/greenlight/internal/data/tokens.go

@@ -14,18 +14,20 @@ import (
 // Define constants for the token scope. For now we just define the scope "activation"
 // but we'll add additional scopes later in the book.
 const (
-	ScopeActivation = "activation"
+	ScopeActivation     = "activation"
+	ScopeAuthentication = "authentication" // Include a new authentication scope.
+
 )
 
 // Define a Token struct to hold the data for an individual token. This includes the
 // plaintext and hashed versions of the token, associated user ID, expiry time and
 // scope.
 type Token struct {
-	Plaintext string
-	Hash      []byte
-	UserID    int64
-	Expiry    time.Time
-	Scope     string
+	Plaintext string    `json:"token"`
+	Hash      []byte    `json:"-"`
+	UserID    int64     `json:"-"`
+	Expiry    time.Time `json:"expiry"`
+	Scope     string    `json:"-"`
 }
 
 func generateToken(userID int64, ttl time.Duration, scope string) (*Token, error) {

projects/greenlight/internal/data/users.go

@@ -39,6 +39,14 @@ type password struct {
 	hash      []byte
 }
 
+// Declare a new AnonymousUser variable.
+var AnonymousUser = &User{}
+
+// Check if a User instance is the AnonymousUser.
+func (u *User) IsAnonymous() bool {
+	return u == AnonymousUser
+}
+
 // The Set() method calculates the bcrypt hash of a plaintext password, and stores both
 // the hash and the plaintext versions in the struct.
 func (p *password) Set(plaintextPassword string) error {